In his report, Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan recommended that the boundary line should be near the Ravi including Lahore in the East Punjab and Justice Teja Singh advocated that the boundary line should be near the Chenab, including parts of the districts of Sheikhupura and Gujranwala, Montgomery and

Narinder Singh Kapoor is well known Punjabi Prose Writer from Patiala, Punjab, India. He talks about the Partition experience and its lasting impact on our lives.

Irfan Habib, Romila Thapar and Harbans Mukhia

In this article "When Emperors turned on Gurus", author Parvez Mahmood writes about the historical injustices suffered by the Sikhs that caused a growing rift between the two communities in Punjab. Excerpt ⓒThe Friday Times: The seeds of animosity between the two communities, Muslim and Sikh, that

Barefoot walking on the dusty plains of Punjab. Margaret Bourke-White 1947 Link: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/mass-migration-india/mgFC2Axc_siewg

The 1947 Sirhind train massacre was an attack on Ropar ‘s prosperous, wealthy and influential muslim clan Abbasi Shekhaan of Shekhaan Miran locality of Ropar city. It killed 2000 Muslims of this clan and only a dozen people of clan survived. Link: https://en.everybodywiki.com/1947_Sirhind_Train_Mas

We will not let anyone demolish the masjid, it is the house of god. The 100 years old mosque in village Hedon Bet, Machhiwara Tehsil in Ludhiana still stands tall, despite zero Muslim population in the village. The Mosque that was built in 1920 lies abandoned for want of worshipers. Article: https:/

Link to video: https://www.britishpathe.com/video/1-000-000-indians-on-the-move/query/punjab This video was taken around August, the start of monsoon season. Shows Sikhs and Muslim refugees.

When All Else Fails, by Chaim D. Kaufmann, Associate Professor of International Relations at Lehixh University. Link to study Excerpts: Although the provincial population overall was 56 percent Muslim, 27 percent Hindu, and just 13 percent Sikh, the Sikhs averaged considerably wealthier than the

Reference link (pdf)

Sikh refugees Seems late August or September.

Ian Talbot analysis the development trends of Lahore and Amritsar post-partition. In contrast to the resurgence of Lahore, Amritsar saw its economy deteriorate due to lack of trade links with Karachi and Central Asia. Most of the supply of raw materials and business relationships with Lahore and we

In the book "The Great Tragedy of India's Partition" by S.S. Sharma. The idea of two-nation theory was also supported by the likes of Savarkar and Lala Lajpat Rai. The book is an essential read for those who want to learn more about this topic, and it methodically goes into the stages that led to

Wreckage of carts & belongings of refugees who had been camped there before the Beas River flooded over, during mass migration because of religious conflicts. Link: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/mass-migration-india/PwEwRZnMaJCFvw Details • Title: Mass Migration, India • Date: 1947-10

On 22 September 1947, Sir Terence Allen Shone, High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to India, sends a telegram to the Commonwealth Relations Office in which he reports on the recent events in India and Pakistan after the partition of the British Indian Empire. He particularly mentions the communa

Written by Kusum Arora, an independent journalist. Hoshiarpur: Punjab, December 1, 1982. That winter day was special. The dense fog and cold was usual but it was fading away, with the warmth and love that came with the reunion of a family who had been separated in the India-Pakistan Partition 35 yea

Click here to go to video: https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA2OYLD7WZQ860JJQTQZ587307S-AMRITSAR-SUFFERS-RIOTS-BETWEEN-MUSLIMS-AND-SIKHS/query/punjab Amritsar riots, August 1947 Water puddles indicate that the month of August saw one of the heaviest rainfalls in Punjab in recent history. This

Street of Lahore, 1946 Muslim woman walking on the street of Lahore Man carrying a box, Lahore 1946 People coming out of a Museum Gurdwara Dera Sahib, Lahore 1946 More images can be found by searching "Bourke White Lahore 1946"

Writer Avina Kohli writes a moving story about her family's journey from Mandi Bahahuddin to Ambala. Excerpt: Even if there was to be a Pakistan, it was decided that they would still stay put. Grandfather, like many other of the other people I had interviewed about Partition, had once rhetorical

Sikh and Hindu refugees arriving on ships at Bombay Port, 1947. Also refer to this article for more details on how these refugees arrived from Karachi, https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-karachi-linked/

Wrecked buildings after communal riots in Amritsar in 1947 - (c) Keystone Features

Malwinderjit Warraich writes about his family's tragic journey from Gujranwala to Indian Punjab. "AMONG the millions caught on the wrong side of the divide was my family from the village of Ladhewala Waraich, close to Gujranwala in Punjab. A science student, I was 17 then. Gujranwala stood every ch

Sargodha was founded at the turn of the 20th century as headquarters of the Jhelum Canal Colony. Too often we forget that the canal colonies of Punjab were colossal enterprises of social and economic engineering. The vast tracts of agricultural land surrounding the administrative and market centre o

Khushdeva Singh (1902–1985) was an Indian physician and social worker, known for his contributions towards the treatment of tuberculosis in India. As a doctor working in refugee camps, he saved many Muslim lives during partition. This is what Dr. Khushdeva Singh writes about his experience during

Interview by Andrew Whitehead The writer Kartar Singh Duggal and his wife Ayesha Duggal talking about their memories of Partition and their Sikh-Muslim romance at the time of independence. K.S. Duggal also reflected on his writing about Partition; Ayesha Duggal spoke about her work as a doctor a

Reference link; https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/movement-refugees/

In this interview by Khayam Chohan, the eye witness recounts the massacre of Muslims in the village Mathi, Ludhiana district. Mathi, Ludhiana district, partition stories

Credits: Avina Kohli, article in Scroll.in titled "Partition’s ghosts: Stories of the evacuee whose property became my family home". Link below. https://scroll.in/article/970333/partitions-ghosts-stories-of-the-evacuee-whose-property-became-my-family-home Writer Avina Kohli has written a beautif